Low-light camera is an indispensable component in various fluorescence microscopy techniques. However, choosing an appropriate low-light camera for a specific technique (for example, single molecule imaging) is always time-consuming and sometimes confusing, especially after the commercialization of a new type of camera called sCMOS camera, which is now receiving heavy demands and high praise from both academic and industrial users. In this tutorial, we try to provide a guide on how to fully access the performance of low-light cameras using a well-developed method called photon transfer curve (PTC). We first present a brief explanation on the key parameters for characterizing low-light cameras, then explain the experimental procedures on how to measure PTC. We also show the application of the PTC method in experimentally quantifying the performance of two representative low-light cameras. Finally, we extend the PTC method to provide offset map, read noise map, and gain map of individual pixels inside a camera.

对基于微纳光纤倏逝场效应气体传感器的研究进展进行了综述，同时也阐述了其原理及面临的问题。着重介绍了3 种微纳光纤气体传感器，包括直接基于微纳光纤倏逝场效应气体传感器、微纳光纤表面涂覆敏感薄膜的气体传感器和微纳光纤与其他光学微结构相结合的气体传感器。虽然，这些研究取得了一些成果，但还面临诸多问题和挑战。相信随着研究的不断深入，基于微纳光纤倏逝场效应气体传感器仍有可能凭借其独特的性能优势成为现存气体传感器的有力竞争者。